[Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for capillary leak syndrome during induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia].

A 44-year-old woman was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (RUNX1::RUNX1T1 translocation) and received induction chemotherapy with idarubicin hydrochloride and cytosine arabinoside. The pneumonia that had been present since admission worsened, and a drug-induced skin rash appeared. On day 17, she presented with respiratory failure and shock, complicated by hemoconcentration and hypoalbuminemia. This was considered capillary leak syndrome due to pneumonia and drug allergy, so she was started on pulse steroid therapy and IVIG, and was intubated on the same day. On day 18, venovenous-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) was started due to worsening blood gas parameters despite ventilatory management. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was serous, and both blood and sputum cultures yielded negative. The patient was weaned from VV-ECMO on day 26 as the pneumonia improved with recovery of hematopoiesis. She was disoriented, and a CT scan on day 28 revealed cerebral hemorrhage. Her strength recovered with rehabilitation. After induction chemotherapy, RUNX1::RUNX1T1 mRNA was not detected in bone marrow. The patient received consolidation chemotherapy, and has maintained complete remission. Severe respiratory failure during induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia can be fatal, but VV-ECMO may be lifesaving.

IGLL5 controlled by super-enhancer affects cell survival and MYC expression in mature B-cell lymphoma.

IGLL5 is shown to be located near super-enhancer (SE) in B-cell tumors, and this gene is frequently mutated and a target of translocation in B-cell tumors. These results suggest roles of the IGLL5 in tumorigenesis; however, its functional properties have been unclear. We found that two mature B-cell lymphoma cell lines expressed IGLL5 mRNA with Cλ1 segment. JQ1 treatment resulted in down-expression of IGLL5, indicating that IGLL5 is controlled by SE. IGLL5 knockdown induced cell death with down-expression of MYC. Our results suggested that IGLL5 might have a role in survival of mature B-cell tumors and involvement in MYC expression. (100 words).

Aortitis after switching short-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in a lymphoma patient with HLA-B52.

Aortitis is a rare adverse event of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. Several previous studies have described recurrent aortitis caused by re-administration of the same G-CSF. However, no previous studies have examined the safety of switching between short-acting G-CSFs in patients who develop aortitis. We report the case of a 55-year-old man with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, who developed G-CSF-associated aortitis. The aortitis was triggered by filgrastim and recurred after treatment with lenograstim. The patient possessed human leukocyte antigen B52, which has been implicated in Takayasu arteritis. In addition, a drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test for lenograstim performed upon detection of recurrent G-CSF-associated aortitis produced a positive result. Our case suggests that switching from one short-acting G-CSF to another does not prevent recurrence of G-CSF-associated aortitis. Although the etiology of G-CSF-associated aortitis has not been fully elucidated, our case also suggests that some patients may be genetically predisposed to aortitis.

Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma after Treatment of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Case Report.

We report a case of a 24-year-old man who developed angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) after treatment for refractory lymphocyte-rich classic Hodgkin lymphoma (LR-CHL). This patient was treated with the BV+AVD (brentuximab vedotin, doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) protocol for LR-CHL but progressed before completing chemotherapy. The pathological imaging showed the typical findings of LR-CHL at the first onset and first progression. Rescue chemotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy combined with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) were performed for refractory LR-CHL, and complete remission was achieved. However, the recurrence was suspected 6 months after AHSCT. The pathological findings of the lymph node biopsy at this time were different from those of the previous two lymph node biopsies, demonstrating findings of AITL. The finding of the immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction results supported the diagnosis. Although it has been reported that the risk for the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is increased, most are B-cell lymphomas, and few cases of AITL have been reported. AITL is a type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma that generally occurs in middle-aged and elderly people and that rarely occurs in young people. Here, we were able to make an accurate diagnosis by performing re-examination even when recurrence of LR-CHL was suspected. As there are no detailed case reports of AITL developing into secondary non-Hodgkin lymphoma, here we report on an identified case.

Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Prediction of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome and Rickettsiosis in the Co-Endemic Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

Background and Objectives: The Wakayama prefecture is endemic for two types of tick-borne rickettsioses: Japanese spotted fever (JFS) and scrub typhus (ST). Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne hemorrhagic viral disease with a high mortality rate and is often difficult to differentiate from such rickettsioses. SFTS cases have recently increased in Wakayama prefecture. For early diagnosis, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical characterization of such tick-borne infections in the co-endemic area. Materials and Methods: The study included 64 febrile patients diagnosed with tick-borne infection in Wakayama prefecture between January 2013 and May 2022. Medical records of 19 patients with SFTS and 45 with rickettsiosis (JSF, n = 26; ST, n = 19) were retrospectively examined. The receiver operating curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to evaluate potential factors for differentiating SFTS from rickettsiosis. Results: Adults aged ≥70 years were most vulnerable to tick-borne infections (median, 75.5 years; interquartile range, 68.5-84 years). SFTS and rickettsiosis occurred mostly between summer and autumn. However, no significant between-group differences were found in age, sex, and comorbidities; 17 (89%) patients with SFTS, but none of those with rickettsiosis, experienced gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Meanwhile, 43 (96%) patients with rickettsiosis, but none of those with SFTS, developed a skin rash. The AUCs of white blood cells (0.97) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (0.98) were very high. Furthermore, the differential diagnosis of SFTS was significantly associated with the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (AUC 0.95), the absence of a skin rash (AUC 0.98), leukopenia <3.7 × 109/L (AUC 0.95), and low CRP levels < 1.66 mg/dL (AUC 0.98) (p < 0.001 for each factor). Conclusions: Clinical characteristics and standard laboratory parameters can verify the early diagnosis of SFTS in areas where tick-borne infections are endemic.

[Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus reactivation during treatment for chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation].

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The pathogenesis of post-HSCT GBS is unclear. Here, we report a case of GBS coincident with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation that occurred after HSCT in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. A 61-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of gait disturbance due to lower limb muscle weakness, which arose during treatment for chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) five months after allogeneic HSCT. He was diagnosed with GBS based on his clinical course, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and a nerve conduction study. At that time, he exhibited EBV and CMV reactivation. GBS improved after intravenous injection of immunoglobulins. Our case suggests that reactivation of EBV and CMV during treatment for chronic GVHD may induce GBS, and that rapidly progressive muscular weakness coincident with EBV or CMV reactivation can be a diagnostic sign of GBS after allogeneic HSCT.

Histological Characteristics of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Young and Adult Holstein Cattle.

The conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) has been used as a target site for mucosal vaccinations in several animals. In this study, we compared the morphological features of CALT in the eyelid and third eyelid between Holstein calves and adult cows. In the eyelids, CALTs in the form of diffused lymphoid tissue (DLT) and lymphatic follicles (LF) were observed, where DLTs were dominant and LFs were scarce. The CALTs of cows comprised T-, B-cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, B-cells were dominant except in the eyelids of the calves. The epithelial layer covering the CALT is often discontinuous and lacks goblet cells. Cytokeratin18 is strongly expressed in the epithelial layer covering the CALT, except in the third eyelids of adult cows. IgA-positive cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the conjunctiva of the eyelids and third eyelids. The eyelid CALT area in calves was lower than that in adult cows. Furthermore, the CALT of calves had a lower cellularity of B-cells and a higher cellularity of macrophages than that of adult cows. These histological characteristics indicate that CALT plays a role in the mucosal immune-inductive and effector sites. Furthermore, lower cellularity of B-cells in the CALT of calves indicates that the function of CALT as a mucosal immune induction site is less developed in calves than in adult cows.

Alternative Proximal Protection Method during Carotid Artery Stenting Using Combined Transbrachial and Transradial Artery Approaches.

Herein, we report a case of carotid artery stenting with proximal flow protection for severe stenosis of the left internal carotid artery using transbrachial and transradial artery approaches. Because an abdominal aortic aneurysm was present, we avoided the transfemoral approach. The procedure was successfully performed with a combination of an 8-Fr balloon guide catheter and microballoon catheter on separate axes. No complications such as pseudoaneurysm, thrombosis, or dissection were observed at the puncture site. The patient was discharged without complications and showed good outcomes at 3 months. This technique may offer a useful alternative for patients with severe stenosis who cannot be treated using a femoral artery approach.

Administration of combined venetoclax and azacitidine in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and multiple comorbidities undergoing dialysis: A case report.

Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who have comorbidities have limited treatment options, thereby resulting in poor prognosis. Venetoclax, a specific B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitor, has recently been approved for AML in combination with hypomethylating agents; however, only one report has described its use in patients undergoing dialysis. Herein, we report the effectiveness of combined venetoclax and azacitidine in a 73-year-old man with AML undergoing dialysis and who was ineligible for standard therapies. The safety of venetoclax and azacitidine in patients undergoing dialysis has been reported, and their combination may be a feasible option for patients with AML undergoing dialysis.

Effects of Free Linoleic Acid and Oleic Acid in Sesame Meal Extract as Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors on Postprandial Triglyceridemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers.

A great number of chemically diverse pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors have been identified to tackle obesity; however, very few of them have entered clinical studies. The ethanolic extract of sesame meal is a potent PL inhibitor, and its activity hinges exclusively on two free fatty acids: linoleic acid and oleic acid, which were proven to reduce postprandial triglyceride excursion in rats. Herein, to investigate the clinical efficacy of the sesame meal extract, in a crossover trial, 30 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive the sesame meal extract containing experimental food or placebo along with a high-fat meal. Treatment with the sesame meal extract significantly lowered the incremental postprandial serum triglyceride concentration and reduced the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) by 16.8% (p-value = 0.03) compared to placebo. Significant decreases in postprandial remnant-like lipoprotein particle cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein particles were also observed, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased. These results suggest that treatment with the sesame meal extract significantly reduced the postprandial excursion of triglycerides and improved the lipidemic profile after high dietary fat intake in healthy individuals, indicating the substantial potential of free linoleic acid and oleic acid and natural products rich in these compounds for the management of obesity and related conditions.

Oral Ingestion of AP Collagen Peptide Leads to Systemic Absorption of Gly-Pro-Hyp, Alleviating H2O2-Induced Dermal Fibroblast Aging.

Collagen-derived dipeptides and tripeptides have various physiological activities. In this study, we compared the plasma kinetics of free Hyp, peptide-derived Hyp, Pro-Hyp, cyclo(Pro-Hyp), Hyp-Gly, Gly-Pro-Hyp, and Gly-Pro-Ala after ingestion of four different collagen samples: AP collagen peptide (APCP), general collagen peptide, collagen, and APCP and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) combination. Each peptide was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. We found that, among all the peptides that were analyzed, only Gly-Pro-Hyp was significantly increased after ingestion of APCP compared with that of general collagen peptides and collagen. In addition, ingestion of the APCP and GABA combination improved the absorption efficiency of Gly-Pro-Ala. Finally, we reveal that Gly-Pro-Hyp was effective for preventing H2O2-induced reduction in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, COL1A, elastin, and fibronectin, in dermal fibroblasts. Taken together, APCP significantly enhances the absorption of Gly-Pro-Hyp, which might act as an ECM-associated signaling factor in dermal fibroblasts, and the APCP and GABA combination promotes Gly-Pro-Ala absorption. Clinical Trial Registration number: UMIN000047972.

Autoclaving-Triggered Hydrogelation of Chitosan-Gluconic acid Conjugate Aqueous Solution for Wound Healing.

Moist wound healing is known to heal wounds faster than dry wound healing. Hydrogel wound dressings are suitable for moist wound healing because of their hyperhydrous structure. Chitosan, a natural polymer, promotes wound healing by stimulating inflammatory cells and releasing bioactive compounds. Therefore, chitosan hydrogel has great potential as a wound dressing. In our previous study, physically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels were successfully prepared solely by freeze-thawing of chitosan-gluconic acid conjugate (CG) aqueous solution without using any toxic additives. Furthermore, the CG hydrogels could be sterilized by autoclaving (steam sterilization). In this study, we showed that autoclaving (121 °C, 20 min) of a CG aqueous solution simultaneously achieved gelation of the solution and sterilization of the hydrogel. Hydrogelation of CG aqueous solution by autoclaving is also physically crosslinking without any toxic additives. Further, we showed that the CG hydrogels retained favorable biological properties of the CG hydrogels prepared by freeze-thawing and subsequent autoclaving. These results indicated that CG hydrogels prepared by autoclaving were promising as wound dressings.

An in vitro study on the selection of surfactants for removal of cream denture adhesives from dentures and their application to denture cleaners.

Purpose Denture adhesives improve the stability of incompatible dentures; however, complete removal of adhesives after use is difficult. Only a few studies have focused on the removal of denture adhesives. Hence, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of surfactants in removing cream denture adhesives from acrylic resin materials.Methods Solutions of twelve surfactants with various hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values were prepared. Two cream denture adhesives, colored for visualization, were spread onto transparent acrylic resin plates. After immersion into surfactant solutions, the effects of the surfactants on residual adhesives were evaluated. We also investigated the effect of denture cleaners (with or without the surfactants) on the removability of adhesives and artificial oily dirt, and their effects on the surface properties of denture materials. The obtained data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results Five surfactants [BT-5, BL-4.2, BT-7, BT-9, and Triton X-100 (TX)] with HLB values in the 10.5-13.5 range effectively removed adhesives. Addition of BT-9 and TX (HLB=13.5) to denture cleaners improved the adhesives' removal. Furthermore, the addition of TX to the cleaners did not interfere with the removal of artificial oily dirt and did not damage the denture materials' surface.Conclusions Surfactants with HLB values in the 10.5-13.5 range are suitable for removal of cream denture adhesives from acrylic resin materials. In particular, TX (HLB=13.5) efficiently removes adhesives without damaging denture materials or impairing original detergency.

Allosteric Inhibition of c-Abl to Induce Unfolded Protein Response and Cell Death in Multiple Myeloma.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and protein kinase, R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), the two principal regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In multiple myeloma, adaptive IRE1α signaling is predominantly activated and regulates cell fate along with PERK. Recently, we demonstrated that GNF-2, an allosteric c-Abl inhibitor, rheostatically enhanced IRE1α activity and induced apoptosis through c-Abl conformational changes in pancreatic ß cells. Herein, we analyzed whether the pharmacological modulation of c-Abl conformation resulted in anti-myeloma effects. First, we investigated the effects of GNF-2 on IRE1α activity and cell fate, followed by an investigation of the anti-myeloma effects of asciminib, a new allosteric c-Abl inhibitor. Finally, we performed RNA sequencing to characterize the signaling profiles of asciminib. We observed that both GNF-2 and asciminib decreased cell viability and induced XBP1 mRNA splicing in primary human myeloma cells and myeloma cell lines. RNA sequencing identified the induction of UPR- and apoptosis-related genes by asciminib. Asciminib re-localized c-Abl to the endoplasmic reticulum, and its combination with a specific IRE1α inhibitor, KIRA8, enhanced cell death with the reciprocal induction of CHOP mRNA expression. Together, the allosteric inhibition of c-Abl-activated UPR with anti-myeloma effects; this could be a novel therapeutic target for multiple myeloma.

Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Transforming into Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Young Adult Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Case Report.

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by multiple café-au-lait macules on the skin. Lymphoproliferative malignancies associated with NF1 are limited, although the most common are brain tumors. Case presentation: A 22-year-old woman with NF1 was admitted due to abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Her laboratory data exhibited macrocytic anemia and elevated IgA levels. Image studies showed diffuse increased wall thickening in the transverse and descending colon without lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. A colonoscopy revealed a hemorrhagic ulcerated mass. Pathological analysis of the tumor tissues confirmed IgA-expressing mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma with histological transformation. Moreover, whole-exome sequencing in tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified a somatic frameshift mutation of the A20 gene, which represents the loss of function. The patient responded well to R-CHOP chemotherapy, but the disease relapsed after 1 year, resulting in a lethal outcome. Conclusions: MALT lymphoma in children and young adults is extremely rare and is possibly caused by acquired genetic changes. This case suggests a novel association between hereditary cancer syndrome and early-onset MALT lymphoma.

Relationships between the expression of adipose genes and profiles of hospitalized dogs.

Obesity is one of the risk factors for the onset of various metabolic diseases in dogs. Energy expenditure in brown/beige adipocytes, which is partially regulated by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, is a key factor determining systemic energy balance. Here, we examined gene expression in the fat depots of 129 hospitalized dogs, and the relationship between the relative levels of gene expression and profiles of dogs. We evaluated the expression levels of 23 genes such as regulatory genes of adipocyte differentiation and function, adipokines, genes related to brown adipogenesis and uncoupling protein (Ucp), and genes involved in BMP signaling. A reliable equation of multiple regression was not obtained to explain the body condition score (BCS), which is an index of adiposity. Positive relationships were detected between the expression levels of many genes, except for Ucp1 or Ucp3. BCS was found to increase with age. BCS was negatively correlated to the expression levels of Pparγ and Fasn, and positively correlated to Leptin and Opn3 expression. Aging decreased the expression levels of genes related to adipocyte differentiation and function (Pparγ, Fabp4, Fasn, Hsl, and Insr) and Adipoq. In addition, age was negatively correlated with the expression of genes involved in brown adipogenesis and BMP signaling components (Prdm16, Bmp4, Alk3, Actr2a, and Actr2b). In contrast, the expression levels of Leptin and Ucp2 were found to increase with age. The present study clarifies BCS- and age-related gene expressions in the adipose tissue, which potentially contribute to elucidating the etiology of canine obesity.

Sudden Cardiac Death in a Patient with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Case Report.

A 49-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with malaise and gross hematuria. As ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs 13) activity was absent and the ADAMTS13 inhibitor was detected, she was diagnosed with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). In addition to plasma exchange and corticosteroid therapy, she received rituximab therapy for inhibitor boosting but died suddenly of a cardiac arrest on day 9. The postmortem revealed microvascular platelet thrombi in multiple organs. In this case, the deterioration of the patient's clinical status was considered to have been caused by inhibitor boosting-induced systemic microvascular occlusion. In particular, her sudden death may have been due to cardiovascular microthrombosis. Since inhibitor boosting can cause TTP patients to deteriorate rapidly, it is crucial to manage TTP patients who undergo inhibitor boosting appropriately. The monitoring of cardiac complications in TTP patients may also be essential, especially in the acute phase.

Properties and characteristics of foam denture cleaners as denture adhesive removers.

The need for denture adhesives is increasing worldwide, but few denture-care products target denture adhesive users. Foam denture cleaners have been recently marketed to assist brush denture cleaning, but there is a lack of objective evaluation. In this study, we compared the detergency of denture adhesives using six commercial foam-denture cleaners. For removing the adhesives, most of the tested cleaners were effective in immersion experiments, and three cleaners were more effective in the denture cleaning experiment compared to control water. However, only one could effectively remove the slime that is derived from the adhesive and detergency of artificial dirt. The surface roughnesses of the denture base and the relining material revealed that prolonged immersion in some cleaners could be affected. The results suggest that different commercial foam denture cleaners have different detergency levels, and that some cleaners may affect the properties of denture materials upon long-term use.

Impact of Surface Changes and Microbial Adhesion on Mucosal Surface Finishing of Resin Denture Bases by Shot Blast Polishing Using Viscoelastic Media.

Surface changes and microbiological effects following shot blast polishing with viscoelastic media of the mucosal surface of resin denture bases were examined. Average surface roughness (Ra) and the depth of surface removal of specimens were measured over time, and the clinical number of microbial adhesions on the mucosal surface of dentures was clinically assessed. The results obtained showed no changes in Ra after 20 s of polishing, Ra of <0.2 µm, and a depth of surface removal < 20 µm. This method of finishing did not affect the fit of the mucosal surface of the dentures. Furthermore, the adhesion of microorganisms to the mucosal surface of dentures was significantly suppressed. Shot blast polishing with viscoelastic media is useful for finishing the mucosal surface of resin denture bases.

Risk Factors for Therapeutic Intervention of Remdesivir in Mild to Moderate COVID-19-A Single-Center Retrospective Study of the COVID-19 Fourth Pandemic Period in Wakayama, Japan.

Background and Objectives: The incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased in Wakayama, Japan, due to the spread of the highly infectious B.1.1.7 variant. Before this event, the medical systems were almost unaffected. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and the risk factors for therapeutic intervention of remdesivir during the fourth pandemic period in Wakayama, Japan. Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective study enrolled 185 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 hospitalized in our hospital without intensive care between 14 March and 31 May 2021. Results: In this period, 125 (67.6%) of the 185 patients had the B.1.1.7 variant. Sixty-three patients (34.1%) required remdesivir treatment. Age upon admission and length of hospitalization were significantly different between remdesivir treatment and careful observation groups (mean (standard deviation); 59.6 (14.7) versus 45.3 (20.6) years; p < 0.001 and median (interquartile range); 10 (9-12) versus 9 (8-10) years; p < 0.001). One patient was transferred to another hospital because of disease progression. At hospital admission, age ≥60 years (odds ratio (OR) 6.90, p < 0.001), a previous history of diabetes mellitus (OR 20.9, p = 0.002), B.1.1.7 variant (OR 5.30; p = 0.005), lower respiratory symptoms (OR 3.13, p = 0.011), headache (OR 3.82, p = 0.011), and fever ≥37.5 °C (OR 4.55, p = 0.001) were independent risk factors to require remdesivir treatment during the admission. Conclusions: Many patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 required the therapeutic intervention of remdesivir during the fourth pandemic period in Wakayama, Japan. From the clinical data obtained at admission, these risk factors could contribute to a prediction regarding the requirement of remdesivir treatment in cases of mild to moderate COVID-19.